Glucosamine is the key building block for making cartilage and taking glucosamine supplement may help to supply the materials needed to rebuild the cartilage. Other benefits of glucosamine include anti-inflammatory effects, as it may prevent swelling and inflammation in the joints (common in dogs with arthritis).

Like glucosamine, chondroitin for dogs may inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators that are destructive to the joint. The body's chondroitin production decreases with age. Chondroitin sulfate is the major glycosaminoglycan (GAGS - see separate article found in this series) found in cartilage. It promotes water retention and elasticity in the cartilage, helping to ensure adequate shock absorption and adequate nourishment of the tissues that line the joint.

Hydrolyzed collagen is a modified form of collagen that is easier for the body to digest and absorb. It is composed of small amino acids and helps to form new collagen in the body. It is rich in amino acids that play an important role in the building of joint cartilage and it may have anti-inflammatory effects. Studies into the role of collagen in treating rheumatoid arthritis suggest that it doesn't have a significant effect in reducing pain and joint inflammation. It also appears to have some anti-inflammatory properties but the exact mechanism is unknown.

It has been shown to benefit those with joint degeneration, a common cause of pain in the knees, back, hands and hips. Joint degeneration can negatively impact your quality of life by limiting your movement and mobility. The cartilage in a dog with arthritis has about one third of the concentration of sulfur when compared to healthy cartilage. MSM is also believed to counter oxidative stress and improve antioxidant capacity. The anti-inflammatory properties of MSM are well documented by scientific research. It also reduces the production of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-ɑ) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), which are signaling proteins linked to systemic inflammation.

Fructooligosaccharides are best known for stimulating beneficial flora growth in the digestive tract, i.e. acting as a prebiotic. Studies have shown that FOS is also ideal for maintaining mineral density and bone strength. It increases mineral content in the bones and supports joint health, i.e. through better absorption of calcium, magnesium, and iron. fructooligosaccharides (scFOS), which are low-calorie, non-digestible carbohydrates that can improve food taste and texture while aiding immunity, bone health and the growth and balance of important bacteria in the digestive track.

Supports joint health by balancing immune and gut function, Bio Active Whey protein supports joint health by balancing immune and gut function. Some preclinical studies in rodents have suggested that whey protein may possess anti-inflammatory properties as well

devil’s claw is attributable to more constituents than simply harpagoside. The activity of devil’s claw is suppressed prostaglandin (PG)E2 synthesis and nitric oxide production by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-stimulated enhancement of COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression. Harpagophytum procumbens is commonly known as Devil's Claw. Although some contradictory evidence exists, the majority of animal studies appear to indicate Hp as an effective anti-inflammatory and analgesic preparation in the treatment of acute and subacute inflammation. Clinical trials support Hp as a beneficial treatment for the alleviation of pain and improvement of mobility in a variety of musculoskeletal conditions. Analysis of the in vitro and ex vivo studies that currently exist, indicate that Hp has significant effects on numerous proinflammatory markers. However, the exact mechanism(s) by which Hp may reduce inflammation remain to be elucidated. (Grant, 2006).
Studies on Devil's Claw suggest that this herb may suppress prostaglandin E2 synthesis and nitric oxide production by inhibiting COX2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression. Potential drug/herb interactions: Antiarrythmics, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, cardiac drugs and antihypertensives
Its antioxidant effects may benefit hepatic function, and it is also used on a short-term basis to treat mild gastroenteritis. However, it also increases gastric acid production, which could aggravate gastric ulcers. Most common side effects appear to be diarrhea and GI distress.

There is available study that shows that Phellodendron combined had beneficial effects on symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee as measured using LAI scores and had anti-inflammatory effects as measured using CRP. Phellodendron is used for osteoarthritis, weight loss and obesity, diarrhea, ulcers in the stomach or upper part of the small intestine (peptic ulcers), diabetes, meningitis, pneumonia, eye infections, tuberculosis, and cirrhosis of the liver.

It may also help the immune system and reduce inflammation and swelling, Cetylated fatty acids are a group of naturally occurring fats. They include cetyl myristoleate, cetyl myristate, cetyl palmitoleate, cetyl laureate, cetyl palmitate, and cetyl oleate. Cetylated fatty acids are applied to the skin for osteoarthritis. It is been proposed that they may have a lubricant effect on joints.

DL-Phenylalanine (DLPA) is an amino acid a synthetic phenylalanine. Phenylalanine is a neutral, non-polar amino acid that plays a crucial role in many functions within the body. One of those functions is to produce tyrosine, a major component for synthesizing hormones. Phenylalanine also produces neurotransmitters in the body, including epinephrine, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Phenylalanine is a natural amino acid and found in many protein-rich foods. DLPA is also able to block the enkephalinase. This can lead to a relief from certain types of pain. DLPA can also play a big role in producing more opioids naturally within your body, which can also help with pain relief. Therefore, it could be a very beneficial health benefit. Research suggests that it could be very beneficial for low back pain as well.

Bromelain is only one of the beneficial nutrients found in pineapples, which also provide vitamin C (helps promote collagen formation and improve iron absorption, among other functions) and manganese (supports metabolism and bone density).It has been shown to be anti-inflammatory and been used to treat inflammatory conditions like arthritis. Bromelain seems to cause the body to produce substances that fight pain and swelling (inflammation).

Vitamin C might protect against the development of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory polyarthritis, according to some studies. A powerful antioxidant, it fights molecules that trigger inflammation. Vitamin C also protects an important protein in the bones and joints.

It has been shown that exogenous HA inhibits chemotaxis and phagocytosis of granulocytes and reduces the stimulation of lymphocytes and may decrease the formation of prostaglandin synthesis. It gives elasticity to joints, is important for tissue hydration, lubrication and proper cellular function. The efficacy of oral hyaluronic acid in relieving knee pain has been demonstrated in several clinical trials (NCBI).

Superoxide anion is overproduced in joint inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. Increased production leads to tissue damage, articular degeneration, and pain. The complex MnL4 is a potent SOD mimetic, and in this study it was tested in inflammatory and osteoarticular rat pain models.

Studies have found that turmeric works as well as steroid medication in alleviating joint pain. If you want the maximum benefits for your dog, it is best to take turmeric along with steroids to help significantly reduce joint pain. Because turmeric is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent, it can effectively treat dogs with arthritis. Turmeric can reduce inflammation, and relieve the pain and stiffness associated with arthritis. Overall, turmeric is a wonderful natural remedy for your dog's arthritis. Turmeric's ability to fight pain and inflammation simultaneously make this supplement a no brainer. For dog owners looking to keep their dog naturally healthy, while still providing comfort and care, look no further than your spice rack.